Spanish Dependent Noun Clauses. Indirect Discourse. Sequence of Tenses








Spanish Dependent Noun Clauses. Indirect Discourse. Sequence of Tenses

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Dependent Noun Clauses. Indirect Discourse. Sequence of Tenses




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307. After verbs of believing,
knowing, thinking
and affirming, the dependent noun
clause is expressed by the indicative when stating facts or implying
certainty.

Creo que este hombre dice
la verdad.
I believe this man tells the truth.
Ella creía que V. vendría
hoy.
She believed you would come
to-day.
Pienso que ya es tiempo. I think it is already time.
Confesó que había venido. He confessed that he had come.
Ella declara que el hombre es inocente. She declares that the man is innocent.
Yo sé que ya vinieron. I know they have come.
Dijo que nos había visto. He said he had seen us.

308. If, however, in the above cases, uncertainty
or doubt is expressed, especially when the principal verb is negative,
the subjunctive may be more properly used.

Yo no creo que lo haga. I do not believe he does it.
No creo que sea tiempo de
salir.
I do not believe it is time to leave.
No digo que lo haya (or
he)
visto.
I do not say that I have seen him.
Ella no declaró que yo fuese
inocente.
She did not declare that I was innocent.

a. In questions the subjunctive or indicative may be
used, the indicative implying a certain degree of certainty, and
the subjunctive uncertainty, on the part of the speaker.

¿Cree V. que ella
sea
(or es) feliz?
Do you believe she is happy?
¿Cree V. que él venga

(or vendrá)?
Do you believe he will come?
¿Pensaron ellos que nosotros
viniéramos
(or veníamos

or
vendríamos)?
Did they think that we would come?
¿Que piensas que soy tonto? Do you think I am a fool?
(The certainty of not being a fool is implied.)

309. Indirect Discourse. To express indirect
discourse the verb of the dependent clause is ordinarily in the
indicative.

Dice que { viene
vendrá
} mañana. He says he is coming to-morrow.
 
Dijo que { venía
vendría
} mañana. He said he would come to-morrow.
 
Ha dicho que no lo { hace
hará
}   He has said that he will not do it.
 
Nos confesó que
había venido.
He confessed to us that he had
come.
Declaró que lo
había visto.
She declared that she had seen
him.
Me informó que
su padre había estado aquí.
He informed me that his father
had been here.

310. Saber used negatively requires the verb of
the subordinate clause in the subjunctive after que, and
in the indicative after si (= ‘ if, whether’).

No sé que haya
venido.
I do not know that he has come.
No sé que venga. I do not know that he will come.
No sé si vendrá. I do not know that
(or whether) he will come.
No sabían si su
padre iría a verlas.
They did not know whether their father would
go to see them.
 
No sabemos si { ha
habrá
} venido. We do not know that he has come.

311. Sequence of Tenses. The general
rules for the sequence of tenses are the following:

a. The present tense, the future tense, or the imperative
in a principal clause, requires the present subjunctive in the
dependent clause, if the verb of the latter relates to a time
coexistent with, or subsequent to, the time of the principal verb.

Le digo que venga. I tell him to come.
Le diré que venga. I shall tell him to come.
Dígale (usted)
que venga.
Tell him to come.

1. If, however, in the above cases, the verb of the dependent
clause relates to a time prior to that of the principal verb,
the past (either form)1 or present perfect subjunctive
is required.

No creo que V. estuviese

(or haya estado) aquí.
I do not believe that you were
here.
Es probable que el viniera
(or haya venido) ayer.
It is probable that he came yesterday.

b. The past tense (past descriptive or past absolute
indicative) in a principal clause requires the past subjunctive
(either form) in the dependent clause, if the verb of the latter
relates to a time coexistent with, or subsequent to, the time
of the principal verb.

Le decía (or
dije) que se fuera
(or fuese).
I was telling him (or told
him)
to go.
Me rogó que le ayudara
(or ayudase).
He begged me to help him.

1. If, however, in the above case, the verb of the dependent
clause relates to a time prior to that of the principal verb,
the past perfect subjunctive is required.

Sentía mucho que
yo hubiese

(or hubiera) estado aquí
y que no hubiese ido a verle.
He was very sorry that I had
been here and had not gone
to see him.
No creían que lo hubiese
(or hubiera) hecho.
They did not believe that he
had done it.

1 The two forms
of the past subjunctive are always interchangeable in dependent
clauses.

312. Learn the present and past subjunctive of
dar (476), haber
(479), tener
(489), and querer
(485).

 

 

 

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SPANISH GRAMMAR
15-16.
Regular Present Indicative Endings of ar, er, ir verbs.
17. Negation.
24-26. Noun.
27. Possession
34. The Articles
42-45. Subject Pronouns
46. Nouns.
53. The Verb.
61-64. Adjectives
70-73. Apocopation of Adjectives
79. Irregular Verbs
80. Idiomatic Expressions
86. Irregular Past Absolute
95-96. The verbs: Ser and Estar
102-104. Future Indicative and Conditional
110-115. Formation Of The Participles
121-125. Idioms with Tener, Deber and Haber
131-133. Irregular Verbs:
139-140. Personal Pronouns
146-148. Two Object Pronouns
154-157. Prepositional Forms As Object Pronouns
163-168. Reflexive Verbs
174-178. Reflexive Verbs (Continued)
184-188. Gustar. Sí and No. Mismo.
194-195. Radical Changing Verbs.
201. Radical Changing Verbs (Continued)
207-211. Inceptive Verbs. Adverbs
216-220. Possessive Adjectives
226-228. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
236-239. Relative Pronouns
245-250. Interrogative Adjectives and Pronouns
256-265. Numbers. Numerical Expressions
270-272. Verbs With Orthographic Changes
278-279. The Seasons, Months, Days Of The Week, Etc.



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