121. Tener que. Tener que followed
by the infinitive expresses obligation or necessity.
| Tengo que estudiar mi
lección. |
I have to study my lesson. |
| Teníamos mucho que hacer. |
We had much to do. |
| ¿Tiene V. que ir ahora? |
Do you have to go now? |
a. Moral obligation is more commonly expressed by deber
(122).
b. Tener que may also denote mere provision.
| No tenemos que comer. |
We have nothing to eat. |
122. Deber. Deber means primarily ' to owe.'
From this are derived the ideas of necessity, obligation, duty.
| Debo ir a ver a mi padre. |
I must go and see my father. |
| Debí estudiar ayer. |
I ought to have studied (it was my duty to
study) yesterday. |
a. Deber followed by the infinitive
is also used to express probability. See also 103.
| Debe estar malo. |
He is probably ill. |
123. Haber de. Haber de followed by an
infinitive expresses (a) what is probably true in present
time, (b) mere futurity, (c) volitional futurity.
| a. |
Ha
de ser muy rico. |
He must be
very rich. |
| Ha de ser Carlos. |
It is probably Charles. |
| See 103
and 114. |
| |
| b. |
Ha de venir mañana. |
He is coming to-morrow. |
| Han de dar un
paseo. |
They are to take a walk. |
| |
| c. |
He de castigarte
si lo haces. |
I will punish you if you
do it. |
| He de verla. |
I must see her (it is
my intention to see her). |
124. Haber que. Haber que as an
impersonal verb (see 114), followed by an infinitive,
expresses also necessity, obligation, or mere futurity.
| Hay mucho que estudiar. |
There is much to be studied. |
| Hay que hablar con cuidado. |
One must speak with
care. |
Para llegar a tiempo hay que
ir aprisa. |
To arrive on time we must hurry. |
125. The Infinitive after Prepositions.
a. The infinitive is generally used in Spanish after
a preposition where the present participle is used in English.
| Vine sin verlo. |
I came without seeing
him. |
| Tengo ganas de
ir. |
I am desirous of going. |
| Después de comer, se
fué. |
After eating, he went away. |
b. ' On,' ' when,' ' as ' + a present participle is
translated by al + the infinitive.
| al llegar a la
casa, |
on arriving (when we arrived,
etc.) at the house. |
|
